1492年 San Salvador Island / Columbus ( 1451-1506 ) 1498年 Santa Maria delle Grazie / Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452-1519 ) 1499年 Vasco da Gama ( ca.1460-1524 ), Lisbon-Inldia-Lisbon 1517年 “95 Thesen” Martin Luther ( 1483-1546 ) 1538年 Naval battle of Preveza / Turkish Empire 1543年 Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473-1543 )
1500 – 1550
■ Andrea Amati ( ca.1505-1577 ), Cremona / 1539年
Established a workshop in Cremona.
■ Antonio Amati ( 1540-1640 ), Cremona
■ Gasparo di Bertolotti ( ca.1540- ca.1609 ), “Gasparo da Salò” Brescia
Andrea Amati ( ca.1505-1577 ) Violin, Cremona 1555~1560年頃
Catherine de Médicis ( 1519-1589 ) 1533年 She married Henry II at the age of 14.
Charles Ⅸ de France ( 1550-1574 ) 1561年 He was crowned the king of France.
Andrea Amati ( ca.1505-1577 ) Violin, “King Charles Ⅸ” Cremona 1566年頃
Andrea Amati ( ca.1505-1577 ) Violin, “King Charles Ⅸ” Cremona 1566年頃
Andrea Amati ( ca.1505–1577 ) Violin, “ex Ross” 1570年頃
Giovanni Paolo Maggini ( 1580 – ca.1633 ) Violin, Brescia 1620年頃
Giovanni Paolo Maggini ( 1580 – ca.1633 ) Violin, Brescia 1620年頃
Antonio Amati ( ca. 1540-1607 ) & Hieronymus Amati ( ca. 1561-1630 ) Violin, Cremona 1624年頃
■ Andrea Guarneri ( 1626-1698 ), Cremona / 1654年 He founded the workshop in Casa Guarneri .
▶ca.1626 ~ ca.1761 ” Les Vingt-quatre Violons du Roi ” ( “The King’s 24 Violins” ) The Royal Palace in Paris
Antonio Amati ( ca. 1540-1607 ) & Hieronymus Amati ( ca. 1561-1630 ) Violin, Cremona 1629年頃
■ Giovanni Grancino ( 1637-1709 ), Milan
■ Hendrik Jacobs ( 1639-1704 ), Amsterdam
▶ Christiaan Huygens ( 1629-1695 ) ▶ Antonie van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632-1723 ) ▶ Robert Hooke ( 1635-1703 ) ▶ Isaac Newton ( 1642-1727 )
■ Alessandro Gagliano ( ca.1640–1730 ), Napoli
■ Giovanni Tononi ( ca.1640-1713 ), Bologna
■ Giovanni Baptista Rogeri ( ca.1642 – ca.1705 ), Brescia
● Jean-Baptiste Lully ( 1632-1687 ), Firenze / 1646 France / 1652 The Royal Palace in Paris / 1653 “Petits Violons” / 1661 French subject , 1661 ~ 1682 “Château de Versailles” / 1685,1686,1687
● Giovanni Battista Vitali ( 1632-1692 ), Bologna / 1666 Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna / 1774 Modena : Violinist
Nicolò Amati ( 1596–1684 ) Violin, Cremona 1641年
● Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber ( 1644-1704 ), Bohemia / 1668 Zámek Kroměříž / 1671 Salzburg, ca.1676 ” Rosenkranz-Sonaten ” ( Scordatura ) : Violinist
■ Antonio Stradivari ( ca.1644-1737 ), Cremona / 1680年 He founded the workshop in Casa Stradivari .
▶ Arp Schnitger ( 1648-1719 ), active in Northern Europe, especially the Netherlands and Germany, Pipe organ builder.
Andrea Guarneri ( 1626-1698 ), Cremona 1658年頃
( 1654年 He founded the workshop in Casa Guarneri . )
■ Matteo Goffriller ( 1659–1742 ), Venice
■ Vincenzo Ruggeri ( 1663-1719 ), Cremona
■ Carlo Giuseppe Testore ( ca.1665-1716 ), Milan
● Giacomo Antonio Perti ( 1661-1756 ), Bologna / Parma / Venezia / 1690 ~ 1756 Bologna : Violinist ● Tomaso Antonio Vitali ( 1663-1745 ), 1674 Modena : Violinist
■ Filius Andrea Guarneri ( 1666-1740 ), Cremona
Nicolò Amati ( 1596–1684 ) Violin, Cremona 1669年
Francesco Rugeri ( ca.1645-1698 ) Violin, 1670年
Giovanni Maria Del Busetto Violin, Cremona 1680年頃
■ Francesco Stradivari ( 1671-1743 ), Cremona
■ Giovanni Battista Grancino II ( 1673-ca.1725 ), Milan
■ Carlo Tononi ( ca.1675-1730 ), Bologna / Venice
■ Johann Michael Albani ( 1677-1730 ), Bozen / Bulsani in Tyroli / Graz
▶Louis XIV ‘Roi-Soleil’ ( 1638 – ‘1643-1715’ )
“Château de Versailles” 1661 ~ 1682
Plan du Château de Versailles 1664年
1678年 (1678–1684 ) The opulent Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles
● Antonio Vivaldi ( 1678-1741 ), Venezia 1703 / 1740 Wien : Violinist
● Pietro Castrucci ( 1679-1752 ), Roma / 1715 London / 1750 Dublin : Violinist
● Francesco Geminiani ( 1687-1762 ), Lucca / 1711 Naples / 1714 London : Violinist ● Francesco Maria Veracini ( 1690-1768 ), Firenze / 1711 Venezia / 1714 London / 1616 Venezia / 1723 Firenze / 1733 London / 1744 Firenze : Jacob Steiner violin / Violinist
Hendrik Jacobs (1639-1704) Violin, Amsterdam 1690年頃
Giovanni Grancino ( 1637-1709 ) Violin, Milan 1690年頃
Carlo Giuseppe Testore ( ca.1665-1716 ) Violin, Milano 1690年
Giovanni Grancino ( 1637-1709 ) Violin, Milan 1690年
■ Andrea Guarneri ( 1691-1706 ), Cremona
■ Carlo Antonio Testore ( 1693-1765 ), Milan
Carlo Tononi ( ca.1675-1730 ) Violin, Bologna 1705年
1700 – 1750
1701 ~ 1714年 War of the Spanish Succession “France : Louis XIV ( 1638-1715 ) × Habsburg : Karl VI ( 1685-1740 )” Cremona governance countries España ( 1513 ~ 1524, 1526 ~ 1701 ) – France ( 1701 ~ 1702 ) – Republik Österreich / Habsburg ( 1707 ~ 1848 )
Casa Savoia : 1713年 Regno di Sicilia – 1720年 Regno di Sardegna / Torino – 1848年 The First War of Independence – 1859年 The Second War of Independence – 1866年 The Third War of Independence
● Giovanni Battista Martini ( 1706-1784 ), Bologna / 1758 Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna / 1774 “Saggio dl contrapunto”
Antonio Stradivari ( ca.1644-1737 ), Violin Cremona “Marsick – James Ehnes” 1715年
Antonio Stradivari ( ca.1644-1737 ), Violin Cremona 1722年
● Johann Wenzel Stamitz ( 1717-1757 ), Bohemian / Praha / 1741 Mannheim / 1754 ~ 1755 Paris / 1755 Mannheim : Violinist
● Leopold Mozart ( 1719-1787 ), Augsburg / 1737 Salzburg / 1785 Wien, Salzburg : Violinist
1751年 “Versuch einer gründlichen Violinschule”
– – – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( 1756-1791 )
■ Giovanni Battista Gabrielli ( 1716-1771 ), Florence
■ Leopold Widhalm ( 1722-1776 ), Nürnberg
● Pietro Nardini ( 1722-1793 ), Fibiana / Livorno / Padova / 1762 Stuttgart / 1770 Firenze : Violinist ● Pierre Gaviniès ( 1728-1800 ), Paris / 1744 “The Concert Spirituel” / 1795 He became a professor at the newly-founded ‘Conservatoire de Paris ‘. : Violinist
Guarneri del Gesù ( 1698-1744 ) Violin, “Spagnoletti” 1734年
● Gaetano Pugnani ( 1731-1798 ), Torino / 1749 Roma / 1750 Torino / 1754 Paris, Nederland, London, Deutschland / 1763 Torino / 1767 London / 1770 Torino / 1780 ~ 1782 Russia, 1782 Torino : Violinist
Sebastian Klotz ( 1696-1775 ) Violin, Mittenwald 1750年頃
Sebastian Klotz ( 1696-1775 ) Violin, Mittenwald 1750年頃
1750 – 1800 ● Johann Anton Stamitz ( 1754 – ‥ ), Mannheim / 1770 Paris / 1782 ~ 1789 Versailles / ‘ 1798‥1809 Paris ‘ : Violinist
■ Nicola Bergonzi ( 1754-1832 ), Cremona
■ Antonio Vinaccia ( 1754-1781 ), Napoli
■ Gennaro Vinaccia ( 1755-1778 ), Violin Napoli
■ Giovanni Battista Ceruti ( 1755-1817 ), Cremona
Giovanni Battista Gabrielli ( 1716-1771 ) Violin, Florence 1755年
Joseph Klotz ( 1743-1829 ) Violin, Mittenwald 1760年
● Giovanni Battista Viotti ( 1755-1824 ), Fontanetto Po / Torino, Paris, Versailles, 1788 Paris, London, 1819-1821 Paris, London : Violinist
● Federigo Fiorillo ( 1755-1823 ), Braunschweig / 1780 Poland / 1783 Riga / Paris / 1788 London He played the viola in Saloman’s quartet. / 1873 Amsterdam, Paris
Marie Antoinette ( 1755-1793.10.16 ) 1770年 She married Louis-Auguste ( 1754-1793.1.21 ) / ” Louis XVI ( 1774 ) “ at the age of 14.
French Revolution 1789 ~ 1793年
▶ 1793年 ” Louis XVI ” ( 1774 ) / Louis-Auguste ( 1754-1793.1.21 )
● Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ( 1756-1791 ), Salzburg / 1762 München, Wien / 1763 ~ 1766 Frankfurt, Paris, London / 1767 ~ 1769 Wien / 1769 ~ 1771 Milano, Bologna, Roma, Napoli / 1773, 1774 ~ 1775 Wien / 1777 München, Mannheim, Augsburg / 1778 Paris / 1779 Salzburg / 1781 München, Wien / 1783 Salzburg / 1787 Praha, Wien / 1789 Berlin / 1790 Frankfurt / 1791 Wien, Praha, Wien
● Bernhard Heinrich Romberg ( 1767-1841 ), “The Münster Court Orchestra” / 1790 Bonn “The Court Orchestra” / He lengthened the cello’s fingerboard and ‘Flattened’ the side under the C string : German cellist and composer
Leopold Widhalm ( 1722-1776 ) Violin, Nürnberg 1769年
Johann Gottfried Reichel ( ca.1735-1775 ) Violin, Markneukirchen 1770年頃
Giovanni Battista Gabrielli ( 1716-1771 ) Violin, Florence
1770年頃
Georg Klotz Ⅱ ( ca.1723-1797 ) Violin, Mittenwald 1773年
Giovanni Battista Guadagnini ( 1711-1786 ), Turin “Ex Joachim” 1775年
Gennaro Vinaccia ( 1755-1778 ) Violin, Napoli 1780年頃
● Rodolphe Kreutzer ( 1766-1831 ), Versailles / 1803 Wien “Kreutzer Sonata ” Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1827, Paris 1795 ~ 1826 ‘Conservatoire de Paris’ – 1796年 Caprices – 1807 comprises 40 pieces – “42 Études ou Caprices” / Genève, Swiss : Violinist ● Pierre Baillot ( 1771-1842 ), Paris : Violinist ● Pierre Rode ( 1774-1830 ), Bordeaux / 1787 Paris / 1804 Saint Petersburg, Moscow / 1812 Wien ” Ludwig van Beethoven 1770-1827 Violinsonate Nr. 10 in G-Dur, Op. 96 ” / 1814 ~ 1819年 Berlin, “24 capricci” / 1830 Lot-et-Garonne : Violinist
□ François Lupot II (1774 – 1838), He worked for Leonard Tourte in Paris. Once Lupot set up his own Parisian establishment in 1815. : Bow maker
□ ■ Jean Baptiste Vuillaume ( 1798-1875 ), Vuillaume was born in Mirecourt, He moved to Paris in 1818 to work for François Chanot.
In 1821, he joined the workshop of Simon Lété, François-Louis Pique’s son-in-law, at Rue Pavée St. Sauveur. He became his partner and in 1825 settled in the Rue Croix des Petits-Champs under the name of “Lété et Vuillaume”.
In 1827, at the height of the Neo-Gothic period, he started to make imitations of old instruments. : Bow maker.
□ Nicolas Rémy Maire (1800–1878), Maire was born in Mirecourt. He trained in the Lafleur workshop and served his apprenticeship in the workshop of Pajeot in Mirecourt. He opened his own workshop in Mirecourt in 1826 and left in 1853 to work in Paris.
: Bow maker.
● Georg Hellmesberger ( 1800-1873 ), Vienna / 1826 ~ 1833 ‘The Vienna Conservatory’ / His students were Joachim, Leopold Auer. : Violinist ● Charles-Auguste de Bériot ( 1802-1870 ), Leuven / 1843 ‘Royal Conservatory of Brussels’ / ‥ 1852. – 1858 – 1866 Brussels : Violinist
■ Giuseppe Antonio Rocca ( 1807-1865 ), Barbaresco / 1834 Turin, It was during this time that he became acquainted with Luigi Tarisio, a violin dealer / Rocca won prizes in his craft at a national arts and crafts exhibitions in 1844 and 1846.
■ Enrico Rocca ( 1847-1915 ), Turin / 1850 ~ 1865 Genova
■ Ferdinand Joseph Homolka ( 1810-1861 ), Prague
□ Pierre Simon ( 1808-1881 ), He apprenticed and worked in his hometown of Mirecourt until 1838, when he moved to Paris to join the workshop of Dominique Peccatte. : Bow maker
□ Dominique Peccatte ( 1810-1874 ), He was born in Mirecourt. On the recommendation of Nicolas Vuillaume he moved to Paris in 1826 to join J.B. Vuillaume’s workshop. Paris 1838 / 1847 Mirecourt : Bow maker
● Heinrich Wilhelm Ernst ( 1812-1865 ), Moravia / 1825 ‘The Vienna Conservatory’ / 1828 Niccolo Paganini visited Vienna. 1830 He played Paganini’s Nel cor pìù non mi sento. / 1865 Nice : Violinist ● Jakob Dont ( 1815-1888 ), Vienna / 24 Etudes and Caprices : Violinist ● Henri Vieuxtemps ( 1820-1881 ), Belgium / Liège , Brussels / 1829 Paris / Brussels / 1833 Germany / 1835 Wien / 1836 Paris / 1849 ~ 1851 Saint Petersburg / 1850 Paris / 1871 ‘Royal Conservatory of Brussels’ / Paris 1879 / Algeria : Violinist
□ François Peccatte ( 1821-1874 ), Mirecourt / 1842 Paris : Bow maker □ Joseph Henry ( 1823-1870 ), Henry studied with Dominique Peccatte and established his own shop in 1851. : Bow maker
□ François Nicolas Voirin ( 1833-1885 ), He was born in Mirecourt. He moved to Paris in 1855 to join his cousin Jean Baptiste Vuillaume. : Bow maker
▶ 1831年 Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde ( Tuchlauben, Vienna )a concert hall for ca. 700 people
● Joseph Joachim ( 1831-1907), Kittsee / 1833 Budapest / Wien / 1843 Leipzig / 1846 London / 1848 “GewandhausorchesterLeipzig ” / 1850 Weimar / 1852 Hannover / 1866 ~ 1907 Berlin : Violinist
● Henryk Wieniawski ( 1835-1880 ), Lublin / 1843 ‘Conservatoire de Paris’ / 1874 ~ 1877 ‘Royal Conservatory of Brussels’ / Moscow : Violinist
▶ 1842年 The founding of the Vienna Philharmonic.
● Pablo de Sarasate ( 1844-1908 ), Pamplona / 1854 Madrid / 1855 Paris / 1860 London, Paris, performing in Europe, North America, South America / 1864 Camille Saint-Saëns ‘Introduction et Rondo capriccioso en la mineur’ / 1878 Zigeunerweisen, 1883 Carmen Fantasy / Biarritz 1908 : Violinist
● Leopold Auer ( 1845-1930 ),Veszprém / Budapest, Wien / Hannover : Joachim / 1868 ~ 1917 Saint Petersburg : St Petersburg Conservatory / 1918 America / 1824 The Curtis Institute of Music : Violinist
Ferdinand Joseph Homolka ( 1810-1861 ) Violin, Prague 1840年
Giuseppe Antonio Rocca ( 1807-1865 ) Violin, Genoa
1845-1850 年頃
Giuseppe Antonio Rocca ( 1807-1865 ) Violin, Turin 1850 年頃
Enrico Rocca ( 1847-1915 ) Violin, Genova 1893年
□ Charles Nicolas Bazin ( 1847-1915 ), Son of Mirecourt bowmaker François Xavier Bazin, Charles Nicolas Bazin inherited the family workshop in 1859 following his father’s death from cholera.
Charles Nicolas was only 18 at the time, but already had ample experience from his father’s training, and the shop flourished under his leadership. : Bow maker
□ Charles Peccatte ( 1850-1918 ), He was born in Mirecourt, the son of François Peccatte and the nephew of Dominique Peccatte. : Bow maker
□ Louis Thomassin (1856–1905), He learned his craft in Mirecourt where he worked for the Bazin Family. In 1872 he went to Paris to work for François Nicolas Voirin and carried on Voirin’s shop after his death. : Bow maker
1858年
The world’s most valuable violin? The Messiah Stradivarius
0:57 ” 1716 ‥ It is the only as new Stradivarius ‥”
□ Eugène Sartory ( 1871-1946 ), Bow maker from Mirecourt. After having first apprenticed with his father, he went on to work in Paris for Charles Peccatte and Joseph Alfred Lamy (père) before setting up his own shop in 1889. : Bow maker
□ Victor Fétique ( 1872–1933 ), He learned his craft in Mirecourt with J. B. Husson. Later he went on to work for Charles Nicolas Bazin II, before joining Caressa et Français in 1901. : Bow maker
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G.B. チェルーティ ( Giovanni Battista Ceruti 1755-1817 ) が 207年前の1791年に製作したヴァイオリンや、レアンドロ・ビジャッキ( Giuseppe Leandro Bisiach 1864-1945 )氏が 82年前の1910年に製作したものなど、加熱痕跡があるヴァイオリン達に学んでいた私は 2003年に153年程前に製作された 前出の ヨーゼフ・アントニオ・ロッカ(1807-1865)のヴァイオリンに出会いました。
Here Charles Bazin is cambering a stick.
In Mirecourt the bowmakers would go to the bakery when they swept the coals out of the oven. They would fill an old ‘Marmite’ or Dutch oven with coals and use them for cambering. I use an old fashioned hotplate with an exposed element to give the same even heat but in other traditions an alcohol lamp is used as well.
This is a great photo of the archetier Joseph Arthur Vigneron. Vigneron was born in Mirecourt and trained with his step father Claude Nicholas Husson. His early work is indistinguishable from the work of his master. In 1880 he relocated to Paris to work for Gand & Bernadel.
ここでは類似事例として Walter Hamma が1986年に出版した “ Violin-makers of the German School from the 17th to the 19th century ”の vol.Ⅱの125ページに掲載されている Johann Adam Popel ( Ende 17.~Anfang 18.)のビオラの写真をあげさせていただきます。
Giuseppe Leandro Bisiach ( 1864 – 1945 ) / violin 1910 Milano
表板 サイズ 351.0 mm – 165.2 mm – 107.6 mm – 205.0 mm
アーチ 17.0 mm
裏板 サイズ 351.5 mm – 165.7 mm – 107.6 mm – 204.6 mm
アーチ 16.6 mm
ネック長さ 129.0 mm
ストップ 192.5 mm
ネック高さ( 表板からトップ・エッジまで )E-side 6.2 mm : G-side 6.5 mm
( 指板エッジまで ) E-side 10.1 mm : G-side 10.5 mm
ネック厚さ 17.0 mm – 20.2 mm
指板端の高さ( 表板から ) 17.9 mm
指板 23.1 mm – 42.3 mm – 266.5 mm
ナット( 1-4 スペース ) 16.3 mm
サドル 34.5 mm( 7 – 20.5 – 7 )、H 5.0 mm( 1.0 )、D 5.5 mm
F字孔間 39.4 mm
F字孔長さ L 68.5 mm – R 69.0 mm
ボタン 20.9 mm – H 12.3 mm
側板 Eサイド N 28.2 mm – 28.8 mm – C 29.4 mm – C 29.3 mm – 29.4 mm
側板 Gサイド N 28.3 mm – 28.2 mm – C 29.2 mm – C 29.4 mm – 29.4 mm
ヘッド 106.5 mm ( 38.0 mm – 68.5 mm )
アイ 39.5 mm
ペグ・ホール位置 N-side 16.0 mm – 14.0 mm – 23.5 mm – 13.0 mm
パーツ無し重量 374.0 g
クレセント・カットの意味が解かりやすいので引用させていただきました。 十六、十七世紀にヴァイオリンやチェロを製作した人は イタリア語 Liutaio やフランス語 Luthierであるように リュート製作者でした。 つまり リュート 、シターン や テオルボ 、キタローネや ヴィオラ・ダ・ガンバ をよく知っている弦楽器製作者だったのです。 右側に1993年に ボローニャの博物館カタログとして出版された ” Strumenti Musicali Europei del Museo Civico Medievale di Bologna ” John Henry van der Meer の105ページに掲載してある十七世紀に製作されたと考えられる テオルボのヘッド写真をおきました。 後ろから見たときに中心軸が右側に曲がっていくのが特徴です。